Farm Waste Management and Climate-Smart Practices in Marginal Environments: Focus on the South Caucasus Region

Abstract

The South Caucasus region, encompassing Georgia and Armenia, is home to diverse agricultural systems that are increasingly vulnerable to the effects of climate change. These challenges are particularly intensified in marginal environments - areas where soil degradation, water scarcity, and topographical constraints significantly hinder sustainable farming efforts. One critical yet often overlooked aspect of resilience-building in these regions is farm waste management, which plays a direct role in both environmental health and agricultural productivity. This study presents a desk review and analytical synthesis of existing literature, government reports, and international best practices to assess the current state of farm waste management and climate-smart agricultural (CSA) practices across marginal zones. Special attention is given to the Agricultural Waste Management System (AWMS) concept, including the characterization of waste types, available treatment methods, and broader systemic benefits when implemented effectively. The analysis also identifies prevailing poor practices, highlights their environmental and socioeconomic consequences, and proposes policy recommendations tailored to regional needs. Drawing on my practical experience and engagement with stakeholders in the region, the study emphasizes the urgent need for region-specific CSA approaches, integrated waste systems, and stronger institutional frameworks to better support farmers. The article concludes with actionable guidelines for both farmers and policy-makers aiming to reduce climate vulnerabilities and promote sustainable rural development in the South Caucasus.