AgriScience and Technology

Mathematical Models for Land Consolidation and Crop Yield Prediction

2025-07-16T13:26:47+04:00

The current work focuses on the development and application of mathematical models for land consolidation and crop yield prediction in various regions of the Republic of Armenia. Land consolidation is currently a highly important and timely issue for Armenia. The first part of the study introduces a new mathematical model designed to analyze and evaluate improvements in land use efficiency through consolidation. A method is also proposed for incorporating uncultivated lands into cultivated areas to optimize land utilization. A numerical example is provided to illustrate the application of the model. In the second part, a linear programming approach is used to determine the optimal allocation of total land area among different crops, with the goal of predicting the maximum possible yield. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the practical application of the theoretical findings for various crop types. The proposed models are novel, versatile, and can be successfully adapted for use in other countries.

Econometric Evaluation of Freight Transportation Cost Reductions through Route Optimization in the Logistics System of the Republic of Armenia

2025-07-16T13:41:41+04:00

The logistics system of the Republic of Armenia is currently undergoing a phase of active development. However, from a logistical standpoint, the country faces a number of significant challenges, including an unfavorable geographic location, declining agricultural production volumes, blockaded borders to the east and west, the absence of direct access to the sea, and consequently, some of the highest transportation costs in the region. These factors present serious barriers to Armenia’s economic growth and regional competitiveness. Thus, the current article aims to assess the economic viability of proposed road infrastructure projects in Armenia through practical econometric modeling. The results of these economic-mathematical calculations yield multifactor indicators that can serve as a preliminary justification for the construction of new logistics infrastructure in the coming years. Such infrastructure development is anticipated to enhance Armenia’s role in international trade and act as a strategic driver for the multi-sectoral growth of the country›s provinces, reinforcing their significance and integration within the broader regional framework.

Statistical Analysis and Forecasting of Seasonal Intra-Annual Fluctuations in Main Convertible Currency Exchange Rates in the Republic of Armenia (2021–2025)

2025-07-16T13:59:49+04:00

The main objective of this research is to examine the seasonal fluctuations of major convertible currency exchange rates on a quarterly basis and to provide a statistical estimation of the results. Officially published data from the Statistical Committee were used in the analysis. To assess the seasonal fluctuations of the primary convertible currencies in the Republic of Armenia, seasonal indices and the additive seasonal model were applied. According to the seasonal indices, during the studied years, the exchange rates of the US dollar and the Russian ruble generally increased in the first and second quarters. The euro exchange rate showed an increase specifically in the first quarter. From 2021 to 2024, the trend analysis revealed a quarterly decrease in exchange rates: the US dollar declined by 9.4 AMD, the euro by 13.78 AMD, and the Russian ruble by 0.24 AMD.

Development of Technology for Rye-Wheat Bakery Products Enriched with Inulin

2025-03-31T16:06:48+04:00

The most effective way to improve the population's diet is through the development and industrial production of functional food products, enriched with essential nutrients. This article presents research focused on developing the technology for rye-wheat bakery products incorporating Jerusalem artichoke flour. Jerusalem artichoke flour was added during the dough kneading stage in amounts ranging from 7% to 10% of the total flour weight. The inclusion of Jerusalem artichoke flour resulted in a slower staling rate of the bakery products during storage, thus extending their shelf life. In bread without additives, the staling rate was 2.10 N/day, while the addition of Jerusalem artichoke flour at 7% and 10% reduced the staling rate to 1.56 N/day and 0.86 N/day, respectively. However, increasing the Jerusalem artichoke flour dosage to 10% led to a decline in the organoleptic properties of the final product, with a 9% reduction in bread volume, a 7% decrease in crumb porosity, a 46% increase in crumb hardness, and an 82% increase in crumb crumbliness, compared to the control sample without additives. Based on the results, the optimal amount of Jerusalem artichoke flour was determined to be 7% by weight of flour in the dough. The use of Jerusalem artichoke flour primarily contributed to enriching the bakery products with inulin. It was found that with 7% Jerusalem artichoke flour by weight of flour, 100g of the bakery product contained 5.8g of dietary fiber, 2.8g of inulin, 41.9mg of magnesium, 150.0mg of phosphorus, 15mg of iron, and 0.73µg of selenium. The developed baked goods enriched with Jerusalem artichoke flour are functional food products that provide inulin, dietary fiber, and phosphorus, with a low fat content.

Expanding the Range of Functional Confectionery Products with Natural Ingredients

2025-07-16T16:31:58+04:00

A technology for the production of functional cookies enriched with stevioside and blackcurrant has been developed. The formulation includes high-grade wheat flour, stevia powder, blackcurrant biopowder, NAZ margarine, melange, water, and a leavening agent composed of ammonium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate in a 7:1 ratio. Stevia powder, serving as a natural sweetener and a source of bioactive compounds, replaces refined sugar, allowing the product to be classified as a functional food. The formulation is further enhanced with Sanders blackcurrant biopowder -derived from locally grown blackcurrant in the Republic of Armenia - used to fortify the cookies with essential micronutrients. Organoleptic and physicochemical assessments confirmed that the developed cookies comply with applicable regulatory standards. The final product exhibits favorable sensory properties and is enriched with vital micronutrients (Na, K, Mg, Ca, P, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn) and vitamins beneficial to human health. The cookies are particularly rich in iron, which supports oxygen transport in the body; calcium, whose deficiency may cause demineralization of the spine, lower limbs, and pelvis, contributing to osteoporosis; phosphorus, essential for metabolic function and whose deficiency may lead to conditions such as anorexia, rickets, and anemia; potassium, which aids in blood pressure regulation; sodium, which facilitates glucose absorption; and magnesium, the deficiency of which is associated with hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. These functional cookies are intended for inclusion in both specialized diets (e.g., for individuals with diabetes or obesity) and general dietary consumption. The research findings contribute to diversifying the range of flour-based confectionery products by incorporating non-traditional, locally sourced raw materials.

Prevalence of Swine Metastrongylosis in the Republic of Armenia

2025-07-16T15:34:55+04:00

Pig breeding is a well-established branch of animal husbandry with significant economic and productive potential. Due to key biological attributes - such as early sexual maturity, short gestation period, high prolificacy, rapid growth rates, efficient feed conversion, and favorable carcass yield - pig farming holds a leading position in global meat production. The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of metastrongylosis in domestic pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus) in the Republic of Armenia. The results indicate that porcine metastrongylosis is among the most widespread parasitic respiratory diseases, both globally and within the mountainous forest regions of northeastern Armenia. The predominant etiological agents identified were Metastrongylus pudendotectus and Metastrongylus elongatus, with M. pudendotectus being the most prevalent species. Young pigs (weaners and growers) were found to be approximately twice as susceptible to infection compared to adult swine. Hematological analyses revealed a decrease in erythrocyte count, platelet levels, and hemoglobin concentration in infected animals, accompanied by a marked leukocytosis - indicative of an inflammatory response to parasitic infection. The distribution of the disease strongly correlates with the presence of intermediate hosts, primarily earthworms (Lumbricidae spp.), which are more abundant in forested areas. Consequently, pigs in these ecological zones exhibit a higher incidence of infection. Seasonality was also observed, with the highest occurrence reported in autumn, followed by spring, and the lowest incidence noted during winter months.

Therapeutic and Preventive Measures of Bovine Babesiosis

2025-07-16T16:01:24+04:00

Bovine babesiosis is a widespread, seasonal, vector-borne disease in the Republic of Armenia. The primary vectors responsible for transmission are pasture ticks of the Rhipicephalus genus. A notable characteristic of the babesiosis pathogen's life cycle is its transovarial transmission — from an infected, sexually mature tick to its larvae — allowing the pathogen to persist across multiple tick generations. Consequently, tick habitats serve as potential sites for the infection of livestock. When animals are housed in a manger, the risk of babesiosis infection is significantly reduced due to limited exposure to ticks. The objective of this study is to examine the impact of babesiosis pathogens on bovine hematological parameters, compare the efficacy of various diagnostic methods, and simultaneously identify the most effective pharmaceutical treatments and preventive measures. Bovine babesiosis alters the composition of blood elements: red blood cell count and hemoglobin levels decrease, while white blood cell count increases. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) testing is considered a highly effective diagnostic tool for detecting the disease.

New Approaches to the Treatment of Vestibulovaginitis in Cows

2025-07-16T16:17:00+04:00

The objective of this study was to develop an effective treatment protocol for bovine vestibulovaginitis using a combination of broad-spectrum antibiotics, antiseptics, and immunostimulants. Clinical and vaginal examinations were performed to diagnose vestibulovaginitis in the study subjects. Based on the principle of analogues, two groups of seven cows each were formed. The control group received conventional therapy consisting of ethacridine lactate solution and syntomycin ointment. The experimental group was administered a combination of Cipromag 500 (ciprofloxacin), Miramistin, and Immunofan. Hematological and biochemical blood analyses, including leukocyte differential counts, were conducted prior to and throughout the treatment period. Additionally, the clinical progression of the disease was monitored daily. In the experimental group, normalization of hematological and biochemical blood parameters, as well as leukocyte profiles and overall clinical condition, was observed as early as days 2–3 of treatment and was fully achieved by day 6. In contrast, recovery in the control group was slower, with a delayed return to normal parameters.

Productivity and Structure of Grasses as Parameters for Assessing the Time of Mowing of Natural Hayfield

2025-07-16T14:37:34+04:00

Natural hayfields play an important role in sustainable agricultural development, providing high-quality forage for cattle and contributing to ecosystem balance. Proper timing and frequency of haymaking help preserve the reproductive potential of meadows while enhancing both the quantity and quality of forage. This article presents data on the amount of biomass harvested during the active growth period of plants in natural hayfields, with a focus on the proportion of major plant groups depending on site conditions and mowing periods. Field studies were conducted on hayfields at two experimental sites located at different elevations (700 and 950 meters above sea level) and with different expositions (north and east). The studies revealed that these hayfields had high yield potential, with an average biomass of about 380 g/m² at harvest time. The plant communities were dominated by valuable grasses (43 %) and legumes (33 %), with forbs (24 %) being less prevalent. However, the presence of weeds was relatively high. Land conditions, including elevation and exposition, had a negligible effect on overall yield. Nonetheless, a higher proportion of grasses was found at the higher elevation, while legumes were more common at lower elevations, especially in areas with northern exposition.

Valuable Breeding Indicators in the Winter Grain Triticale Varieties Using Cluster Analysis

2025-07-16T15:10:15+04:00

Triticale, a hybrid obtained by crossing wheat (Triticum L.) and rye (Secale L.), was studied per its phenological observations and valuable breeding traits, including bushiness, plant height, ear length, grain completeness (assessment), vitreousness, resistance to lodging and fungal diseases, and the dates of earing and maturation. The study was conducted in the experimental field of the Dagestan Experimental Station, VIR. Eleven varieties of hexaploid (2n=42) triticale (X. Triticosecale Wittmack) from the collection of the All-Russian Institute of Plant Industry named after N.I. Vavilov were examined. These included varieties from the “State Register of Breeding Achievements”, the latest varieties from the world collection, as well as varieties developed at the Dagestan Experimental Station, VIR. Cluster analysis, a method of classification and hierarchical grouping, was used to divide the studied population into several groups called clusters. This approach allows breeders to plan and make more informed decisions for the development of breeding programs. By utilizing clustering, samples can be grouped based on the phenotypic expression of specific traits or trait combinations. The results of the cluster analysis are presented in a dendrogram. The degree of variation for each of the indicators was calculated using a coefficient of variation. Based on the clustering results, the studied samples were divided into two groups.

Identifying the Optimal Structure for Agricultural Land Types through the Example of Sis Settlement

2025-07-16T10:21:42+04:00

The article examines the sustainable development challenges faced by the Sis settlement in the Ararat Valley, focusing on effective agricultural land use and the role of econometric modeling in addressing these issues. The region’s mix of agricultural activities, aquaculture, and environmental concerns creates a complex situation for sustainable growth. Key challenges include salinization, waterlogging, and the pressures from intensified agricultural practices, especially aquaculture, which deplete groundwater resources. The expansion of fish farming is contributing to declining groundwater levels while leading to over- saturation, swamp formation, and the salinization of surrounding agricultural lands, significantly impacting agricultural productivity and economic viability in Sis. To tackle these challenges, the article proposes a comprehensive strategy that includes optimal land management, rigorous environmental assessments, and sustainable agricultural practices. It suggests using econometric modeling to analyze land use patterns, evaluate resource allocation, and forecast the long-term economic impacts of different agricultural methods. By applying these models, stakeholders can identify efficient practices that maximize productivity while minimizing environmental degradation. Furthermore, the article stresses the importance of integrating economic, social, and environmental factors in decision-making to promote sustainable development. This holistic approach aims to balance agricultural productivity with ecological preservation, ensuring the long-term sustainability of the Sis settlement. Ultimately, the article highlights the need for collaborative efforts among local communities, policymakers, and researchers to implement strategies that enhance resource management and support the sustainable growth of the region’s agricultural sector.

Development of an Electrical Circuit for Controlling the Movable Working Body of a Tillage Machine

2025-07-16T11:14:21+04:00

This article focuses on optimizing the operation of a tillage machine equipped with a movable working body (tiller). Observations have shown that the current design of the machine can damage tree trunks and root systems, particularly when trees deviate from the linear arrangement of planting rows. This damage occurs because the machine fails to maintain the plant protection zone required by agricultural standards. To address this issue, an electrical control system has been developed that enables the working body to be fixed in adjustable intermediate positions, thereby eliminating the above-mentioned drawback. Specifically, an electric valve device with a solenoid coil has been integrated into the hydraulic control system to regulate oil flow. Inductive sensors were selected to detect the position of the working body, ensuring signal transmission from the sensor rod to the control unit with minimal delay and hysteresis.

Kinematic Analysis of the Drive Mechanism for the Crank of the Movable Working Body in a Garden Milling Machine

2025-07-16T11:58:49+04:00

This study presents a kinematic analysis of the crankdriven mechanism powering the movable working body of a garden milling machine used for intertrunk and neartrunk soil cultivation. The aim is to enhance the quality of intertrunk tillage by minimizing the unprocessed area between the tillage cutter and the protected zone around tree trunks. The object of the study is a garden milling machine developed at the Scientific Department of Livestock and Fodder Production Mechanization, Research Institute of the Armenian National Agrarian University. The machine›s control system enables the hydraulic cylinder piston to be fixed not only at the end positions but also at intermediate points while maneuvering around tree trunks. A kinematic diagram of the mechanism was developed, and the trajectories of the cutter’s center of rotation were determined for both full and partial piston strokes. Relevant calculation formulas were derived, and the variations in unprocessed areas were analyzed in both scenarios. Additionally, the work efficiency coefficient (K) was calculated based on the combined radius of the tree trunk and its protective zone (r_ծ + b). The analysis revealed that fixing the piston in intermediate positions significantly reduces the unprocessed area compared to using the full piston stroke. Furthermore, as the combined value of (r_ծ + b) decreases, the efficiency coefficient K increases, reaching a maximum of 83.7 % at a minimum value of (r_ծ + b) = 7 cm.